subcoolc
Üye
- Katılım
- 17 Kas 2008
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- 43
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
Reference Document on the application of Best Available
Techniques to Industrial Cooling Systems
December 2001
150 Industrial Cooling Systems
Table of contents
ANNEX I THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES...........................................................155
I.1 Heat transfer in a shell and tube heat exchanger ..................................................................... 155
I.2 Approach... 156
I.3 Capacity of a heat exchanger................................................................................................... 157
I.4 Wet and dry bulb temperatures ............................................................................................... 158
I.5 Relation between heat transfer and heat exchanging surface .................................................. 158
ANNEX II PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY SAVING THROUGH OPTIMISED
COOLING ...161
II.1 Subject... 161
II.2 Summary of conclusions ... 161
II.3 Introduction... 162
II.4 Calculations... 164
II.4.1 Principles ... 164
II.4.2 Quantity of cooling water ↑......................................................................................... 166
II.4.3 Quantity of cooling air ↑.............................................................................................. 167
II.4.4 Product temperature ↑; gas volume ↑.......................................................................... 168
II.4.5 Product pressure ↑; cooling compressor ↑................................................................... 169
II.5 Total potential energy conservation per °C colder cooling-water boundary layer .................. 170
II.5.1 Efficiency of power generation ↑ ................................................................................ 170
II.5.2 Total water used for cooling in the Dutch industry (excl. power plants) ..................... 171
II.5.3 Total potential energy conservation per °C colder cooling-water boundary layer ....... 172
II.6 Examples of calculations for the relative conservation of energy and reduction of the
environmental impact achieved by the use of inhibitors ......................................................... 173
II.6.1 The contribution made by oxidation ............................................................................ 173
II.6.1.1 Once-through cooling system........................................................................... 173
II.6.1.2 Open recirculating system ................................................................................ 174
II.7 Examples of calculations of the relative savings in energy with colder cooling water ........... 176
II.7.1 Coastal water versus cooling towers ............................................................................ 176
II.7.2 River water versus cooling towers ............................................................................... 176
II.7.3 Groundwater versus cooling tower .............................................................................. 177
II.8 Appendix environmental impacts............................................................................................ 177
ANNEX III SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR INDUSTRIAL ONCE-
THROUGH COOLING SYSTEMS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF
LEAKAGE...179
III.1 Design of the shell & tube heat exchanger for one through systems....................................... 180
III.2 Leakage in shell & tube heat exchangers ................................................................................ 182
III.3 Alternatives ... 183
ANNEX IV EXAMPLE OF SELECTION OF MATERIAL FOR COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRIAL (NON-POWER PLANT) APPLICATIONS
...185
IV.1 Introduction... 185
IV.2 Direct once-through systems (with brackish water) ................................................................ 186
IV.3 Indirect once-through system (brackish water/demin-water) .................................................. 188
IV.4 Open recirculating cooling systems ........................................................................................ 189
IV.4.1 Fresh water application in open wet cooling tower...................................................... 189
IV.4.2 Salt water application in open wet cooling towers....................................................... 189
ANNEX V OVERVIEW OF CHEMICALS FOR THE CONDITIONING OF
COOLING WATER SYSTEMS...................................................................191
V.1 Corrosion inhibitors ... 191
V.1.1 Corrosion ... 191
V.1.2 Applied corrosion inhibitors ........................................................................................ 191
V.2 Scale inhibitors... 192
V.2.1 Scaling ... 192
V.2.2 Applied scale inhibition ............................................................................................... 192
Industrial Cooling Systems 151
V.3 Fouling inhibitors (dispersants) ...............................................................................................193
V.3.1 Fouling ...193
V.3.2 Applied fouling inhibitors ............................................................................................194
V.4 Biocides ...194
V.4.1 Biofouling...194
V.4.2 Applied biocidal treatment ...........................................................................................197
V.4.3 Oxidising biocides...197
V.4.4 Non-oxidising biocides.................................................................................................199
V.4.5 Factors determining the use of biocides. ......................................................................200
V.4.6 Interactions with other water treatment chemicals .......................................................202
V.5 Cycles of concentration and water balance..............................................................................202
Reference Document on the application of Best Available
Techniques to Industrial Cooling Systems
December 2001
150 Industrial Cooling Systems
Table of contents
ANNEX I THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES...........................................................155
I.1 Heat transfer in a shell and tube heat exchanger ..................................................................... 155
I.2 Approach... 156
I.3 Capacity of a heat exchanger................................................................................................... 157
I.4 Wet and dry bulb temperatures ............................................................................................... 158
I.5 Relation between heat transfer and heat exchanging surface .................................................. 158
ANNEX II PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY SAVING THROUGH OPTIMISED
COOLING ...161
II.1 Subject... 161
II.2 Summary of conclusions ... 161
II.3 Introduction... 162
II.4 Calculations... 164
II.4.1 Principles ... 164
II.4.2 Quantity of cooling water ↑......................................................................................... 166
II.4.3 Quantity of cooling air ↑.............................................................................................. 167
II.4.4 Product temperature ↑; gas volume ↑.......................................................................... 168
II.4.5 Product pressure ↑; cooling compressor ↑................................................................... 169
II.5 Total potential energy conservation per °C colder cooling-water boundary layer .................. 170
II.5.1 Efficiency of power generation ↑ ................................................................................ 170
II.5.2 Total water used for cooling in the Dutch industry (excl. power plants) ..................... 171
II.5.3 Total potential energy conservation per °C colder cooling-water boundary layer ....... 172
II.6 Examples of calculations for the relative conservation of energy and reduction of the
environmental impact achieved by the use of inhibitors ......................................................... 173
II.6.1 The contribution made by oxidation ............................................................................ 173
II.6.1.1 Once-through cooling system........................................................................... 173
II.6.1.2 Open recirculating system ................................................................................ 174
II.7 Examples of calculations of the relative savings in energy with colder cooling water ........... 176
II.7.1 Coastal water versus cooling towers ............................................................................ 176
II.7.2 River water versus cooling towers ............................................................................... 176
II.7.3 Groundwater versus cooling tower .............................................................................. 177
II.8 Appendix environmental impacts............................................................................................ 177
ANNEX III SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR INDUSTRIAL ONCE-
THROUGH COOLING SYSTEMS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF
LEAKAGE...179
III.1 Design of the shell & tube heat exchanger for one through systems....................................... 180
III.2 Leakage in shell & tube heat exchangers ................................................................................ 182
III.3 Alternatives ... 183
ANNEX IV EXAMPLE OF SELECTION OF MATERIAL FOR COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRIAL (NON-POWER PLANT) APPLICATIONS
...185
IV.1 Introduction... 185
IV.2 Direct once-through systems (with brackish water) ................................................................ 186
IV.3 Indirect once-through system (brackish water/demin-water) .................................................. 188
IV.4 Open recirculating cooling systems ........................................................................................ 189
IV.4.1 Fresh water application in open wet cooling tower...................................................... 189
IV.4.2 Salt water application in open wet cooling towers....................................................... 189
ANNEX V OVERVIEW OF CHEMICALS FOR THE CONDITIONING OF
COOLING WATER SYSTEMS...................................................................191
V.1 Corrosion inhibitors ... 191
V.1.1 Corrosion ... 191
V.1.2 Applied corrosion inhibitors ........................................................................................ 191
V.2 Scale inhibitors... 192
V.2.1 Scaling ... 192
V.2.2 Applied scale inhibition ............................................................................................... 192
Industrial Cooling Systems 151
V.3 Fouling inhibitors (dispersants) ...............................................................................................193
V.3.1 Fouling ...193
V.3.2 Applied fouling inhibitors ............................................................................................194
V.4 Biocides ...194
V.4.1 Biofouling...194
V.4.2 Applied biocidal treatment ...........................................................................................197
V.4.3 Oxidising biocides...197
V.4.4 Non-oxidising biocides.................................................................................................199
V.4.5 Factors determining the use of biocides. ......................................................................200
V.4.6 Interactions with other water treatment chemicals .......................................................202
V.5 Cycles of concentration and water balance..............................................................................202
